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  1. Technically speaking, R is an interpreted language, and not a compiled language↩︎

  2. Praat allows the latter but not the former.↩︎

  3. For repeated measures analyses, R does not require a multivariate or “wide” layout, with repeated measures for each participant on a single row, as SPSS does. Instead R always uses a univariate or “long” layout, with each measurement on a single row of input. See the reshape command to convert between layouts, discussed in the next chapter, section @ref(sec:split.merge.reshape).↩︎

  4. The equal sign = is also available for assignment. Using it is somewhat dangerous, however, because the equal sign does not specify the direction of assignment explicitly.↩︎

  5. A formant is a resonant frequency of the vocal tract, counted from low to high. The second formant or F2 is related to the front–back articulatory dimension.↩︎

  6. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_set↩︎

  7. The semicolon separates multiple R commands on a single line of input.↩︎

  8. This is the smallest \(p\) value that can be computed and displayed, while being different from zero. The actual value depends on your hardware, operating system, and R settings.↩︎

  9. If the odds are \(1:1\), then the log of the odds is \(\log(1)=0\).↩︎

  10. See Frequently Asked Questions about R, Question 7.35, at http://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html↩︎